淮安农村基础设施存在的问题分析及对策

农村基础设施对改造传统农业、实现农村产业升级、将现代文明引入农村、改善农民生存状况具有重大作用。淮安农业是农业大市，但是农业基础设施与江苏省平均水平相比还有很大差距，如农业机械化水平低、交通设施落后、农村市场建设水平低下、以及卫生处理设施落后等。必须因地制宜搞好农村基础设施的科学规划，加大资金投入力度，整合农业资源；创新改革体制，推动产权制度改革进程。才能加快农村基础设施建设。     

小城镇基础设施建设资金存在的问题及成因分析——基于云南省247个乡镇的问卷调查和50个乡镇的实地调研

以云南省247个乡镇的问卷调查和50个乡镇的实地调研为依据,本文按照小城镇的功能定位分别系统地分析了各类型小城镇基础设施建设的资金渠道及存在的问题.结果显示,小城镇基础设施投资主体仍为财政,建设资金出现巨大缺口的其主要成因有:缺乏多渠道筹措资金的意识;小城镇产业集聚小、经济基础薄弱;以地生财、以财建镇的融资建设模式已不能继续推行;利益驱动规律等.     

Pathways to breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia: Investments in agricultural water, education, and markets

Investments in agricultural water management should complement or strengthen the livelihood and coping systems of the rural poor, and should thus be instrumental for breaking the poverty trap in Ethiopia. Underdeveloped water resources constrain progress towards poverty reduction. We examine linkages and complementarities between agricultural water, education, markets and rural poverty through an empirical study using household level data from selected villages in southern Ethiopia. We show that investments in irrigation can contribute to poverty reduction, but the poverty reducing impacts of irrigation water are greater when human capital and rural markets are well developed. The size of landholding, access to irrigation water, on-farm land and water conservation practices, literacy of the household head, and years of education of adults are all significant determinants of household welfare, and thus potential pathways for reducing poverty. Expansion of cultivated land, particularly irrigated land, universal literacy, and an extra school year for adults all reduce poverty, but reductions in poverty are greater when irrigation is combined with universal literacy. These findings call for simultaneous investments in agricultural water, education, markets and related policy support measures for reducing poverty in smallholder agriculture in Ethiopia.     

Regional partnerships to assist public-private investments in irrigation systems

Public-private partnerships have been implemented throughout the world since the 1970s with mixed results. This is mainly due to the lack of long run commitments from governments and other parties involved, lack of scientific understanding regarding clear short-term and long-term potential biophysical and socio-economic, policy and legal consequences, and lack of trust between the partners. We present a Regional Irrigation Business Partnership (RIBP) model, which is capable of efficiently utilising research output and government policies for sustainable public-private irrigation planning and investment. Unlike other public-private partnership models, the RIBP is based on robust assessment of biophysical, hydrologic, socio-economic, political and legal aspects of water management. The RIBP model provides a crucial link between research and infrastructure investments while minimising short-term and long-term risks. The business investment framework involves iterative feedback from research and policy for identifying markets, defining products and establishing a legislatively and institutionally acceptable route to market as part of the feasibility assessment process. The RIBP model is based on the principle that sharing risks, rewards, and responsibilities coupled with sufficient investment incentives will motivate actors in water management to invest in irrigation infrastructure that saves water and generates better outcomes for the environment. We describe application of the RIBP model in the Coleambally Irrigation Area in New South Wales, Australia.     

关于发展中国南部丘陵山区农业几个问题的认识

中国南部丘陵山区包括有19个省市区总面积约310万km2,耕地约0.34亿hm2,人口4亿多。这里资源丰富,但灾害频繁,生产潜力大。存在问题主要是科技投入少,基础建设投入不足,农民文化素质差,直接为丘陵山区服务的科研成果不多。该地区农业生产发展目标主要是：以市场为导向,以科学化化为中心,在确保粮食增产和安全的前提下,发展多种多样的、效益好、品质优的特色农牧业产业带,保证农牧民增产增收,并不断向品牌化、标准化、精品化和持续化方向发展。今后,首先要坚持把弘扬“科学文化”作为“农业科技入户示范工程”的主旋律,科学技术首先是一种文化,它将促进农牧民从科学世界观高度认识生产。因此,它是丘陵山区发展的先导。其次,要坚持拓展和丰富该地区物质性与社会性并重的农村基础工程建设。此外,还应对该地区的农田保护与“三农”关系,以及立体农业、庭院经济等问题拓展思路,丰富其内涵。     

The role of urban green spaces in care facilities for elderly people across European cities

Urban green spaces (UGS) are increasingly acknowledged for their importance for the well-being of urban populations. However, studies are lacking the consideration of the demand and use of UGS by different population groups and connecting UGS with social infrastructure. In an era of worldwide urbanization and ageing, this European study sheds light on the role of UGS for care facilities for elderly. 126 care facilities from 17 cities in Austria, Germany, Norway, Poland, Romania and Slovenia took part in an online survey. Administrations of care facilities gave insights on the (1) importance of gardens related to care facilities for the quality of life for the seniors, (2) importance of UGS outside of care facilities for the quality of life for the seniors and (3) the consideration of natural and age-friendly designs and management of ecosystem disservices of UGS. The results emphasize not only the importance of UGS for the quality of life of seniors residing in care facilities, but also for the staff and visitors. UGS contribute to physical activities, recreation, and social interactions. The study found that in particular facilities with an own garden are highly aware of the benefits UGS provide. The study holds important lessons for UGS planning, management and design not only to focus on the quantitative supply of UGS, but also to consider age-sensitive amenities in and access to UGS of high quality for seniors.     

The relationship between the distribution and use patterns of parks and their spatial accessibility at the city level: A case study from Tehran,Iran

Parks are recognised as important elements of urban green infrastructure and for providing many benefits to city residents. In countries where urban growth is unplanned and sprawling, green space provision falls behind, inadequate amounts are provided or spaces are not located in the most effective places. Tehran, the capital of Iran, has experienced huge growth in population and corresponding sprawl in recent years. There has been no study of the effectiveness of parks as part of the range of green spaces in the city − their location, accessibility within the urban structure, relationship to the socio-demographic character of the population, amount per capita or quality and condition. Using a combination of existing data supplemented by new data from site surveys, this study firstly looked at the citywide scale of public open space in relation to population and socio-economic patterns. Second, a representative sample of 16 parks was examined in terms of their accessibility within the urban street structure using space syntax. The syntactical results were correlated with several different aspects of each park collected and rated on a 1–5 scale. The results showed a wide range of availability of parks with no specific pattern related to whether the district is better off or poor. The data on green space per district was often heavily biased by the presence of large areas of forest park or non-recreational land which gives a false picture.Many of the best parks are poorly integrated into the street network and found in the better off districts yet are very popular because they are “destination” parks in cooler, hilly areas. Poorly integrated parks in the inner city districts tended to show lower levels of maintenance, were often little used and had vandalism. Much more attention is needed to provide green space in an equitable way.     

“核高基”项目引领高校信息教育改革之路

《国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要》对基础软件国产化作了整体战略布局。基于这一视角,高等院校的信息教育改革迫在眉睫,需要在教育理念、人才培养目标等方面积极探索,精心设计教学过程,灵活调整教学模式,提高学生的计算机技术应用水平和综合素质,从而为我国基础软件行业培育创新型人才,以实际行动支持民族产业。     

农村基础设施建设与运行管理研究综述

农村基础设施建设与有效运行是新农村建设的载体和依托。总量供给不足和结构失衡、建设过程控制失效、运营管理混乱是中国农村基础设施建设与运行管理的现状。从理论上搞清楚国内外关于农村基础设施及其特征、与直接生产发展关系、建设滞后及其原因、建设主体与建设模式和运行管理等基础理论和研究方法,对理清农村基础设施建设与管理研究思路有重要意义。     

烟叶生产基础设施建设的烟农满意度评价与需求意愿

为针对性地改善烟叶生产基础设施建设,促进提高烟农的烟叶生产水平,利用对贵州黔西县12个种烟村180户烟农的调研数据,归纳分析了黔西县烟叶生产基础设施建设现状、烟农对烟叶生产基础设施建设的满意度评价以及需求意愿。结果表明:2005—2012年黔西县烟叶生产基础设施建设取得了一定的成效,但烟农对此的满意程度总体不高,其对烟叶生产基础设施建设的需求意愿仍然强烈。对此,应重点从机耕道路、灌溉设施以及密集烤房等方面改善烟叶生产基础设施建设。